Vitality and longevity of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) accessions in North Central Bulgaria
Aneliya Katova
Abstract: Perennial ryegrass is the most widely grown temperate grass species globally as a source of forage (grazing, hay, silage) or for amenity use. It is a part of landscape, protects soil from water and wind erosion, enriches it with organic substances and improves its fertility. During the period 2015-2020 in the Institute of Forage crops (IFC) – Pleven a collection nursery was studied in field non-irrigated conditions on leached black soil, in block duplicate method, in 2 replications with a total of 19 accessions of perennial ryegrass, with 50 individual plants each (25 plants for forage and 25 plants – for seeds), including 14 varieties and 5 ecotypes, 10 tetraploid and 9 diploid, from Bulgaria (BG), Belgium (BE), and Romania (RO). The aim is to determine the vitality per year and longevity (after many years, more than 3 - 4) of perennial ryegrass collection accessions and to make a selection of the most vital and long - lasting genotypes. Scale of survival according to the International Classifier for the family Poaceae (Bukhteeva et al., 1985) was used - limiting factors of the environment are cold - winter, drought and high temperatures – summer. An autumn inventory of the individual plants no./% was carried out annually, as 25 plants per sample =100%., and vitality classification as follows: Very Low - less than 1 to 20% of plants are left alive; Low - more than 21 to 50%; Medium - more than 51% to 70%; High - more than 71 to 90%; Very High - more than 90% of the plants are still alive. Computer statistical processing of the data (via Excel, at P=0.05) included variance analyses. Data on vitality and longevity are characterized by: marginal values (min and max), arithmetic mean (x), standard deviation (SD) and coefficient of variation (CV,%). Variation was considered weak, moderate, or strong at CV values, respectively: up to 10%; >10-20%, and >20% (Dimova and Marinkov, 1999). When grown for fodder, the local ecotypes Sokolare, Topolovgrad and Bekovi skali are the most viable by years and the longest surviving up to 5 years, with the percentage of plants alive in the fifth year being the highest for the Sokolare ecotype. Ecotype Sokolare is strongly influenced by the method of use, which is the longest-lasting and most viable when grown for fodder - 5 years and the shortest - when grown for seeds - 3 years. All diploid varieties live up to 4 years, and only the Harmoniya variety up to 5 years, with the Bulgarian varieties Harmoniya and Strandzha being the most viable and long-lasting when grown for fodder. Harvesting once a year for seeds extends the life cycle of diploid varieties up to 5 years and for the Harmoniya variety - up to 6. The Bulgarian tetraploid varieties Tetrany, Tetramis and the Belgian varieties Floris, Melpetra and Melverde are the most durable and long-lasting. One-time harvesting per year for seeds extends the life cycle of the tetraploid varieties up to 5 years, and for the Bulgarian varieties Tetrany, Tetramis and the Belgian varieties Floris, Melpetra and Melverde - up to 6.
Keywords: diploid; ecotype; longevity; perennial ryegrass; tetraploid; variety; vitality
Citation: Katova, A. (2024). Vitality and longevity of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) accessions in North Central Bulgaria. Bulg. J. Agric. Sci., 30(3), 431–444
| References: (click to open/close) | Allan, B. E. & Keoghan, J. M. (1994). More persistent legumes and grasses for oversown hill country. Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association, 56, 143-147.
Anderson, M. (2023). Forage Crops of the Future Will Benefit from Global Business Models, https://seedworld.com/forage-crops-of-the-future-will-benefit-from-global-business-models.
Bachvarova, S., Djoreva, M., Hristozova, Y. & Senyov, A. (2008). Climatic anomalies and their impact on agricultural production in Bulgaria in 2007., Ministry of Agriculture and Food, National Center of Agricultural Sciences, National Commission for Independent Monitoring, 2008, ISBN- 978-954-8045-10-0, 167.
Barker, D. J., Lancashire, J. A., Moloney, S. J., Dymock, N., Stevens, D. R., Turner, J. D., Scott, D. & Archie, W. J. (1993). Introduction, production and persistence of five grass species in dry hill country 8. Summary and conclusions. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research, 36, 61-66.
Black, A. D. & Moir, J. L. (2015). Dry matter and sheep production of four dryland tall fescue-clover pastures 4-6 years after establishment. Journal of New Zealand Grasslands, 77, 117-122.
Boller, B. & Green, S. (2010). Genetic resources, 13-37. In: Boller B. et al (eds.) Fodder crops and amenity grasses. Handbook of plant breeding, Springer Science + Business Media, New York.
Boller, B., Posselt, U. K. & Veronesi, F. (2010). Handbook of Plant Breeding 5, Fodder Crops and Amenity Grasses , Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.
Bozhanska, T. (2023). Analysis and evaluation of the quality of fodder from perennial fodder crops in mountain conditions. Bulg. J. Agric. Sci., 29(3), 430–439.
Bukhteeva, A. V., Shutova, Z. P., Korneichuk, V. A., Vatsek, V., Krcmar, B., Bares, I., Horvat, L., Osinsky, B., Kelner, E. & Neaggu, M. (1985). The international comecon list of descriptors for the family Poaceae. Leningrad, USSR, 22- 46.
Casler, M. D. (2001). Breeding perennial grasses for abiotic stress tolerance. In: P. Monjardino, A. da Camara Machdo, V. Carnide (eds.) Breeding for stress tolerance in fodder crops and amenity grasses. Proceedings of the 23rd Meeting of the Fodder Crops and Amenity Grasses Section if Eucarpia, Azores, Portugal, 1-4 October 200, ISBN 972-8612-05-2, Published: Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Azores, Terceira Island, Azores, Portugal, 2001, 119-125.
Chapman, D. F., Bryant, J. R., Olayemi, M. E., Edwards, G. R., Thorrold, B. S., McMillan, W. H., Kerr, G. A., Judson, G., Cookson, T., Moorhead, A. & Norriss, M. (2017). An economically based evaluation index for perennial and short-term ryegrasses in New Zealand dairy farm systems. Grass and Forage Science, 72, 1-21.
Chapman, D. F., Muir, P. D. & Faville, M. J. (2015). Persistence of dry matter yield among New Zealand perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) cultivars: insights from a long-term data set. Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association, 77, 177-184.
Connolly, V. (2001) Breeding improved varieties of perennial rye¬grass. Teagasc Project report 3495, Crops Research Centre Oak Park, Carlow, ISBN 18411701998, 1-17.
CPVO (2011). Technical Protocol for Distinctness, Uniformity and Stability Tests for Ryegrass –TP/004/1 Final, English, Date: 23/06/2011, (CPVO, 2011).
Croitoru, A. E., Piticar, A., Mircea, A., Doina, I. & Burada, C. (2012). Spatiotemporal distribution of aridity indices based on temperature and precipitation in the extra-Carpathian regions of Romania. Theor Appl Climatol. 10.1007/s00704-012-0755-2.
Dar, J. A., Zahoor, A., Beigh, Z. A. & Wani, A. A. (2017). Polyploidy: Evolution and Crop Improvement, Chapter 10, February 2017, Springer India 2017 201 – 218. T.A. Bhat, A.A. Wani (eds.), In: Chromosome Structure and Aberrations, DOI 10.1007/978-81-322-3673-3_10.
Dimova, D. & Marinkov, E. (1999). Opitno delo i biometria, Acad. Izdatelstvo na VSI - Plovdiv, 263, 137-138 (Bg).
Dodd, M. B., Chapman, D. F., Ludemann, D. F., C. I., Griffiths, W., Tozer, K. N. & Donnelly, L. (2018). The measurement of perennial ryegrass persistence. Journal of New Zealand Grasslands, 80, 161-168 (2018), DOI:10.33584/jnzg.2018.80.339.
Duller, S., Lovatt, A. & Skot, L. (2019). One hundred years of forage grass breeding at Aberystwyth, In: Grassland Science in Europe, vol.24 – Improving sown grasslands through breeding and management, Proceedings of the Joint 20th Symposium of the European Grassland Federation and the 33rd Meeting of the EUCARPIA Section "Fodder Crops and Amenity Grasses", Zürich, Switzerland, 24-27 June 2019, 376-378.
Franzluebbers, A. J., Wendroth, O., Creamer, N. G. & Feng, G. G. (2020). Focusing the future of farming on agroecology. Agric EnvironLett. 2020; 5: e20034. https://doi.org/10.1002/ael2.20034.
Gilliland, T. J., Ball, T. & Hennessy, D. (2021). Opportunities and challenges for breeding perennial ryegrass cultivars with im¬proved livestock production potential. Irish Journal of Agricul¬tural and Food Research, Perspective Paper. DOI: 10.15212/ ijafr-2020-0111 IJAFR, 59(2), 233-245.
Hristov, K. (2004). Personal communications.
Humphreys, M. W., Feurstein, U., Vandewalle, M. & Baert, J. (2010). Raygrasses, In: B. Boller et al. (eds.) Fodder Crops and Amenity Grasses, Handbook of Plant breeding 5, Springer Sci¬ence Business Media, 211 – 260.
Ingram, J. (1994). The practical importance of the quality test made in herbge variety evaluation. Breeding for quality. Proceedings of the 9th Fodder Crops Section Meeting held in Brugge, Belgium, 5-8 October, 1994, Editors: Dirk Reheul and An Ghesquire, 1-289, 3-11.
Jordan, W. J. (1988). Improvement in grass varieties due to plant breeding. In: Research Meeting I, British Grassland Society, September, 1988.
Katova A. (2005b). Evaluation of Perennial Ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) Local Populations: Forage and Seed Productivity, Plant Science, 42(1), 80- 85.
Katova, A. & Vulchinkov, J. (2019). Variability of morphological characters of collection accessions of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science, 25(5), 1015–1023. ISSN 1995-1310-0351 (print), ISSN 2534-983X (online) https://www.agrojournal.org/25/05-24.pdf.
Katova, A. (2011). New perennial ryegrass variety (Lolium perenne L.) IFK Harmoniya. Journal of Mountain Agriculture on the Balkans, 14(4), 721-739, 2011, ISNN 1311-0489. https://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=BG2011000439.
Katova, A. (2015a). Development of tetraploid perennial ryegrass varieties I. Colchicine treatment, Proceedings of the Union of Scientist – Russe. Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, 7, 83-89.
Katova, A. (2015b). Development of tetraploid perennial ryegrass varieties II. Flow cytometric analyses, Proceedings of the Union of ScientistRusse, Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, 7, 90-95.
Katova, A. (2016). Species and varieties of perennial grasses for high quality forage in Bulgaria, China, Harbin, Chinese Journal Heilongjiang Agricultural Sciences, 1, 138-145, ISSN:1002-2767/CN:23-1204/S. http://hljnykx.haasep.cn/en/oa/DArticle.aspx?type=view&id=201601013807.
Katova, A. (2017a). Tetramis – New Tetraploid Perennial Ryegrass Variety, Journal of Мountain Agriculture on the Balkans, 20(1), 123 – 134. ISNN: 1311-0489. http://rimsa.eu/images/forage_production_vol_20-1_part_1_2017.pdf.
Katova, A. (2017b). Tetrany - The First Bulgarian Tetraploid Perennial Ryegrass Variety (Lolium perenne L.), Journal of Мountain Agriculture on the Balkans, 20(1), 110-122. ISNN: 1311-0489. http://rimsa.eu/images/forage_production_vol_20-1_part_1_2017.pdf.
Katova, A. (2022). Study of Species, Varieties and Breeding Populations of Perennial Grasses for Ornamental Purposes. Journal of Mountain Agriculture on the Balkans, 25(2), 128–158.
Katova, A. (2023). Bulgarian varieties of perennial forage grasses developed at the Institute of Forage crops – Pleven. Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science, 29(5), 841–853.
Katova, A., (2005). Study of morphological traits, biological properties and agricultural value of plant germplasm of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) with a view to breeding. PhD thesis, Sofia, pp. 141 (Bg).
Katova, A., Baert, J. & Reheul, D. (2016). Comparative characteristics of newly developed perennial ryegrass varieties in Bulgaria, Breeding in a World of Scarcity: Proceedings of the 2015 Meeting of the section of “Fodder crops and amenity grasses” of Eucarpia, Ghent, edited by Isabel Roldán-Ruiz, Joost Baert, Dirk Reheul, Springer, Switzerland, 2016, 35-40. DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-28932-8, Print ISBN 978-3-319-28930-4, Online ISBN 978-3-319-28932-8, Publisher Springer International Publishing, Copyright Holder Springer International Publishing Switzerland, Book Chapter. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-28932-8_5.
Katova, A., Baert, J., Hristov, K. & Van Bockstaele, E. (2007). Ecologo-genetic approach to perennial ryegrass breeding, In: Proceedings of the 14th Symposium of the European Grassland Federation, Ghent, Belgium, 3 – 5 September 2007 "Permanent and Temporary Grassland Plant, Environment and Economy", Eds; De Vliegher, A. and L. Carlier, Grassland Science in Europe, 12, 86 – 89., ISBN 9789081100731. https://www.europeangrassland.org/fileadmin/documents/Infos/Printed_Matter/Proceedings/EGF2007_GSE_vol12.pdf.
Katova, A., Ilieva, A., Baert, J., Hristov, K. &Van Bockstaele, E. (2008). Importance of the polyploidy for forage and seed productivity and forage quality of perennial ryegrass, In: Proceedings of the 22nd General Meeting of EGF, 9-12 June 2008, Uppsala, Sweden, Eds. A. Hopkins, T. Gustafsson, G. Dalin, N. Nilsdotter – Linde, E. Spörndly. Biodiversity and Animal Feed Future Challenges for Grassland Production, 13. Grassland Science in Europe, 254- 256., ISBN: 978-91-85911-47-9. https://www.europeangrassland.org/fileadmin/documents/Infos/Printed_Matter/Proceedings/EGF2008.pdf.
Katova, A., Serafimov, P., Golubinova, I., Nikolova, I., Kertikov, T., Vasilev, E. & Vasileva, V. (2024). Technology for seed production of perennial grasses, Certificate No. 09/22.12.2023, Agricultural Academy-Sofia, IFC – Pleven, 60.
Keep, T., Sampoux, J.-P., Barre, P., Blanco-Pastor., J.-L., Dehmer, K. J., Durand, J.-L., Hegarty, M., Ledauphin, T., Muylle, H., Roldán-Ruiz, I., Ruttink, T. Surault1, T., Willner, E. & Florence Volaire F. (2021). To grow or survive - Which are the strategies of a perennial grass to face severe seasonal stress? Funct Ecol., 35, 1145–1158. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.13770.
Kertikova, D. & Kertikov, T. (2021). Competitive Variety Testing of Alfalfa Synthetic Populations by Biological and Economic Qualities. Journal of Mountain Agriculture on the Balkans, 24(3), 162-175.
Kertikova, D. (2014). Evaluation of lucerne cultivars for dry matter yield and persistence. Journal of Mountain Agriculture on the Balkans, 17(1), 56-66.
Koleva, P. (2002). Park lawns − design, construction and maintenance,Zemizdat, EOOD, Sofia, 180.
Kuzmova, K. (2003). Agrometeorology. Academic publishing house of the Agrarian University – Plovdiv.
Lee, J. M., Thom, E. R., Wynn, K., Waugh, D., Rossi, L. & Chapman, D. F. (2017). High perennial ryegrass seeding rates reduce plant size and survival during the first year after sowing: does this have implications for pasture sward persistence? Grass and Forage Science, 72, 382-400.
Marinov-Serafimov, P. A., Golubinova, I. A. & Katova, A. I. (2021). Reaction of Bulgarian varieties of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) to glyphosate. Bulg. J. Agri. Sci., 27(5), 911–918. ISSN: 1310 – 0351 – print, ISSN 2534-983X - online https://journal.agrojournal.org/page/en/details.php?article_id=3588.
Miao, C., Zhang, Y., Bai, X., Qin, T. (2022). Insights into the Response of Perennial Ryegrass to Abiotic Stress: Underlying Survival Strategies and Adaptation Mechanisms. Life, 12, 860. https://doi.org/10.3390/ life12060860.
OECD list-of-varieties -grasses-and-legumes, (2024). http://www.oecd.org/agriculture/seeds/documents/codes-schemes-list-of-varieties -grasses-and-legumes.pdf.
Paltineanu, C., Mihailescu, I. F., Seceleanu, I., Dragota, C., & Vasenciuc, F. (2007). Using aridity indices to describe some climate and soil features in Eastern Europe: a Romanian case study. Theoretical and applied climatology, 90, 263-274.Parsons, A.J.; Edwards, G.R.; Newton, P.C.D.; Chapman, D.F.; Caradus, J.R.; Rasmussen, S. & Rowarth, J.S. (2011). Past lessons and future prospects: plant breeding for yield and persistence in cooltemperate pastures. Grass and Forage Science, 66, 153-172.
Peeters, А. (2004). Wild and sown grasses. Profiles of a temperate species selection: ecology, biodiversity and use. FAO and A. Peeters.
Petkova, M. (2023). Bioproductive and quality characteristics of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) in a technological aspect, 2023, 162 pp. PhD, RIMSA, Troyan.
Petkova, M., Bozhanski, B., Iliev, M. & Bozhanska, T. (2021). Economic Significance and Application of Perennial Ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). Journal of Mountain Agriculture on the Balkans, 24(1), 175–194.
Petrova, S., Nikolov, B., Velcheva, I., Angelov, N., Valcheva, E., Katova, A., Golubinova, I. & Marinov-Serafimov, P. (2022). Buffer Green Patches around Urban Road Network as a Tool for Sustainable Soil Management. Land, 11, 343. https://doi.org/10.3390/land11030343.
Ramsey, J. & Ramsey, T. S. (2014). Ecological studies of polyploidy in the 100 years following its discovery. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2014 Aug 5; 369(1648):20130352. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0352. PMID: 24958925; PMCID: PMC4071525.
Slavov, N. & Alexandrov, V. (1996). Plant Sciences, 9, 72-77.
Slavov, N. & Alexandrov, V. (1996, a). Vulnerability to climate changes and adaptation measures of agricultural vegetation in Bulgaria. Sat. Research on Bulgaria focused on the global changes of climate change.
Stoeva, K., (2010). Strandja – new perennial ryegrass, Plant Science, 47(2), 190-192 (Bg).
Stoyanov, H. (2023). Influence of drought on the heading in Bulgarian triticale cultivars. Bulgarian Journal of Crop Science, 60(5), 3-16.
Tomov, P. (1983). Importance of local perennial grass populations for forage production improvement in Bulgaria, Proc. of the Meeting of groups of researchers from member countries of CMEA, Pieschany, Czechoslovakia, 82 – 87.
Vulchinkov Zh. & Katova, A. (2019 a). Forage productivity evaluation in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) accessions. Field Crops Studies, XII(3), 23-34.
Vulchinkov Zh. & Katova, A. (2019 b). Seed productivity evaluation in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) accessions. Field Crops Studies, XII(3), 35-44.
Żurek G., Prokopiuk, K. & Rachwalska A. (2018). Effect of drought on the performance of three turf grass species. Plant Breeding and Seed Science, 78, 1-22. DOI: 10.1515/plass-2018-0010.
https://pasture.io/ryegrass/about-perennial-ryegrass All About Perennial Ryegrass - Pasture.io. Sep 8, 2020.
https://sarep.ucdavis.edu/covercrop/perennialryegrass - Perennial Ryegrass.
|
|
| Date published: 2024-06-25
Download full text 
